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Double Underscore Methods and Attributes in Python
Double Underscore Methods and Attributes in Python
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The builtin dir() method, when applied on a string, or a function, class, dict, tuple etc. reveals a host of double underscore methods(or functions), attributes (or variables), classes and other objects. These are called dunder objects, short for double underscore in their names. We'll talk about dunder methods and attributes today. These are also known as magic methods and magic attributes. Let's have a quick glance at what we will be 'tackling' today.
Dunder Methods
Let's begin with dunder methods, we will look at dunder attributes later. Consider a string variable.
Barring __doc__, each element in the above list is a dunder method. So, what is a dunder method? A dunder method is an implicit function, that is being called behind the scenes of an explicit operation or a function. For example, when you are comparing one string to another string, ( e.g. >>> 'stringOne' 'stringTwo' # False ), then the __eq__ method is being called. Let's get some help from Python on this method.
Similarly, >>> 'stringOne' != 'stringTwo' is calling the __ne__ method in the background.
Dunder Atributes
Dunder attributes vary from object to object, much like dunder methods. There is no fixed list of mandatory dunder attributes associated with an object, but a few are more prominent than others. For example, the __name__ attribute of a module gives us the name of the module itself, __doc__ attribute of a module gives a brief description of a module if it is defined, the __file__ attribute of a module gives the location of the module in your system, and so on. Since we were on strings when we left off, let's wrap that up first. The only dunder attribute associated with a string is the __doc__ attribute.
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So that wasn't of much help. Let's have a look at the dunder attributes of modules. To avoid confusion, we will keep a narrow field of view by concentrating on string dunder attributes, and leave other objects aside.
So, the only really useful dunder attributes in modules are __name__, __doc__ & __file__. Note that not all modules might have these set(i.e. the variables will exist, they might not be populated with values. Also, the __builtins__ doesn't have __file__ at all.), especially user-defined modules. That said, Python developers have made a conscious effort to include these in every module they ship with the installation.
You may explore the dunder elements of other objects, using the builtin help() method and a bit of Googling. The list comprehension we used earlier is handy to list down the dunder elements, and then you can evaluate each of them one by one.
Using dunder attributes of a module
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__doc__
The __doc__ attribute provides a succinct description of the module. Let's see how we can set it and how someone else, who is importing your module, can use it effectively.
Let's import the module.
__file__
The sole purpose of the __file__ attribute is to tell the user about the location of the module. We don't need to set it.
__name__
The __name__ attribute is incredibly useful. You may have encountered something like if __name__ '__main__'. This if construct is used to execute the top-level code(i.e. at the first indent level) of a script ONLY IF it is being run directly(i.e. by double-clicking the .py file), and not if the module is being imported into another file.
Let's look at this in detail.
In other programming languages such as C++, there is a main() function (it has to named main, or else the code doesn't compile), declared explicitly by the user, from which the execution of a program begins. In Python, the main() function is composed of all the top-level code i.e. all statements written at indentation level 0. That’s it, you don’t have to declare the main() function, Python does it by itself.
The top-level code in a Python script gets executed as soon as it is run via command line (i.e. > python myfile.py) or run directly by executing a .py file.
The __name__ dunder attribute evaluates to the name of the module itself. However, if the module is being run directly by either of the two methods stated above, then the __name__ attribute is set to the string '__main__'. This enables the user to check if the script is being run directly (command line or execution of .py file) or it is being imported. If the code is being imported into another module, the function and class definitions will be imported, but the top-level code will not get executed.
Below is a simple Python script that contains a function, a print statement, and the if construct. If the script is being run directly, the function is called with a sample value, and not if the script is being imported as a module.
When the above script is run directly via command line or by executing prime.py
When the above script is being imported as a module
Machineers - episode 1: tivoli town mac os. I hope this was useful to you. If you have any questions, please post it in the comment below. Thank you.